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American architect. Known for organic architecture in harmony with nature, his major works include the Guggenheim Museum.

Irish writer and cleric. He is famed for his biting satire, above all Gulliver's Travels.

American biochemist who studied rhodopsin in the retina and showed that vitamin A deficiency causes night blindness. He received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1967.

German theologian and pastor, called "the conscience of Germany." He was executed for taking part in a plot to assassinate Hitler.

Roman historian who wrote from the side of the common people. His best-known work is The Conspiracy of Catiline.

Scottish philosopher and historian who brought British empiricism to its culmination. He examined causation and the limits of reason with skepticism.

Greek philosopher who held that number is the principle of all things and made lasting contributions to mathematics. He was among the first to argue that the Earth is a sphere.

Ancient Roman Latin writer and aphorist. A freed slave from Syria, he left behind numerous moral maxims.

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

1749 – 1832 · Germany

Goethe was a German poet, novelist, and playwright, known as a key figure in both Romanticism and Classicism. His works reflect profound insights into human existence, nature, and love.

English-born American philosopher and writer, an internationally influential revolutionary theorist. His pamphlet Common Sense directly propelled the American Revolution.

Francis Bacon

1561 – 1626 · United Kingdom

British philosopher and statesman. Famous for the maxim 'Knowledge is power,' he is the founder of empiricist philosophy and laid the foundations for modern scientific methodology.

John Bogle

1929 – 2019 · United States

John Bogle was an American investor and mutual fund pioneer. He is known as the founder of the index fund movement, advocating for low-cost investment options for individual investors.